Bahasa Ojibwe

Bahasa Ojibwe
Anishinaabemowin, ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ
Pengucapan[anɪʃɪnaːpeːmowɪn]
Dituturkan diKanada, Amerika Serikat
WilayahKanada: Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, sejumlah orang di Alberta, British Columbia; Amerika Serikat: Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, sejumlah orang di North Dakota, Montana
EtnisSuku Ojibwe
Penutur
56.531 (47.740 di Kanada; 8.791 di Amerika Serikat)
Rincian data penutur

Jumlah penutur beserta (jika ada) metode pengambilan, jenis, tanggal, dan tempat.[1]

  • 20.470 (sensus, 2016)
Rumpun bahasa
Alfabet Latin, beberapa ortografi di Kanada dan Amerika Serikat; silabik Ojibwe di Kanada; silabari Algonquin Danau-Danau Besar di Amerika Serikat
Kode bahasa
ISO 639-1oj
ISO 639-2oji
ISO 639-3oji – kode inklusif
Kode individual:
ojs – Severn Ojibwa
ojg – Ojibwa Timur
ojc – Ojibwa Tengah
ojb – Ojibwa Barat Laut
ojw – Ojibwa Barat
ciw – Chippewa
otw – Ottawa
alq – Algonquin
Linguasfer62-ADA-d (Ojibwa+Anissinapek)
Status pemertahanan
Punah
EXSingkatan dari Extinct (Punah)
Terancam
CRSingkatan dari Critically endangered (Terancam Kritis)
SESingkatan dari Severely endangered (Terancam berat)
DESingkatan dari Devinitely endangered (Terancam)
VUSingkatan dari Vulnerable (Rentan)
Aman
NESingkatan dari Not Endangered (Tidak terancam)
ICHEL Red Book: Severely Endangered
Ojibwe diklasifikasikan sebagai bahasa terancam berat (SE) pada Atlas Bahasa-Bahasa di Dunia yang Terancam Kepunahan
[sunting di Wikidata]
Referensi: [2][3]
Lokasi penuturan
Lokasi semua reservat dan kota Ojibwe yang dihuni suku Ojibwe di Amerika Utara disertai lingkaran difusi tentang komunitas penutur bahasa Ojibwe
Peta bahasa lain
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Ojibwe (atau Ojibwa, Ojibway, atau Chippewa), juga disebut Anishinaabemowin, adalah bahasa pribumi yang tergolong dalam rumpun bahasa Algonquin.[4][5] Ojibwe ditandai dengan serangkaian dialek yang memiliki nama lokal dan sistem penulisan (non-pribumi) lokal. Tidak ada satu dialek pun yang dianggap lebih unggul dan tidak ada sistem penulisan standar yang mencakup semua dialek.

Dialek-dialek Ojibwe dituturkan di Kanada mulai dari Quebec barat daya hingga Ontario, Manitoba, sebagian Saskatchewan, dan sejumlah komunitas terluar di Alberta,[6][7] dan di Amerika Serikat mulai dari Michigan hingga Wisconsin dan Minnesota, dengan sejumlah komunitas di North Dakota dan Montana, serta kelompok migran di Kansas dan Oklahoma.[7][8]

Dialek agregat Ojibwe menjadikan Ojibwe bahasa First Nations kedua yang paling banyak dituturkan di Kanada (setelah Cree),[9] dan keempat di Amerika Serikat atau Kanada setelah Navajo, Inuit dan Cree.[butuh rujukan]

Lihat pula

  • Silabik Aborigin Kanada
  • Rumpun bahasa Algonquin
  • Daftar bahasa
  • Ojibwa
  • Anishinaabe
  • Dialek bahasa Anishinaabe
  • Fonologi Ojibwe
  • Tata bahasa Ojibwe
  • Sistem penulisan Ojibwe

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/lang/Tableau.cfm?Lang=F&T=41&Geo=01; Sensus Kanada 2016.
  2. ^ "UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (dalam bahasa bahasa Inggris, Prancis, Spanyol, Rusia, and Tionghoa). UNESCO. 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 26 Juni 2011. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
  3. ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris). UNESCO. 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 31 Mei 2022. Diakses tanggal 31 Mei 2022. 
  4. ^ Goddard, Ives, 1979.
  5. ^ Bloomfield, Leonard, 1958.
  6. ^ Valentine, J. Randolph, 1994, p. 6.
  7. ^ a b Nichols, John, 1980, pp. 1-2.
  8. ^ Rhodes, Richard, and Evelyn Todd, 1981.
  9. ^ Statistics Canada 2006 Diarsipkan 2018-12-25 di Wayback Machine..

Referensi

  • Bakker, Peter. 1991. "The Ojibwa element in Michif." W. Cowan, ed., Papers of the twenty-second Algonquian conference, 11-20. Ottawa: Carleton University. ISSN 0031-5671
  • Bakker, Peter. 1996. A language of our own: The genesis of Michif, the mixed Cree-French language of the Canadian Métis. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509711-4
  • Bakker, Peter and Anthony Grant. 1996. "Interethnic communication in Canada, Alaska and adjacent areas." Stephen A. Wurm, Peter Muhlhausler, Darrell T. Tyron, eds., Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, 1107-1170. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-013417-9
  • Bloomfield, Leonard. 1958. Eastern Ojibwa: Grammatical sketch, texts and word list. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Bloomfield, Leonard. 1962. The Menomini language. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • [Dawes, Charles E.] 1982. Dictionary English-Ottawa Ottawa-English. No publisher given.
  • Canada. Statistics Canada 2006 Diarsipkan 2018-12-25 di Wayback Machine. Retrieved on March 31, 2009.
  • Feest, Johanna, and Christian Feest. 1978. "Ottawa." Bruce Trigger, ed., The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15. Northeast, 772-786. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
  • Goddard, Ives. 1978. "Central Algonquian Languages." Bruce Trigger, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15, Northeast, 583-587. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
  • Goddard, Ives. 1979. "Comparative Algonquian." Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun, eds, The languages of Native America, 70-132. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Goddard, Ives. 1996. "Introduction." Ives Goddard, ed., The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 17. Languages, 1-16. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
  • Gordon Jr., Raymond. 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th edition. Ethnologue entry for Ojibwe. Retrieved March 31, 2009. Dallas: SIL International. ISBN 978-1-55671-159-6
  • Kegg, Maude. 1991. Edited and transcribed by John D. Nichols. Portage Lake: Memories of an Ojibwe Childhood. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press. ISBN 0-8166-2415-1
  • Laverdure, Patline and Ida Rose Allard. 1983. The Michif dictionary: Turtle Mountain Chippewa Cree. Winnipeg, MB: Pemmican Publications. ISBN 0-919143-35-0
  • Nichols, John. 1980. Ojibwe morphology. PhD dissertation, Harvard University.
  • Nichols, John. 1995. "The Ojibwe verb in "Broken Oghibbeway." Amsterdam Creole Studies 12: 1-18.
  • Nichols, John. 1996. "The Cree syllabary." Peter Daniels and William Bright, eds. The world’s writing systems, 599-611. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507993-0
  • Nichols, John D. and Leonard Bloomfield, eds. 1991. The dog’s children. Anishinaabe texts told by Angeline Williams. Winnipeg: Publications of the Algonquian Text Society, University of Manitoba. ISBN 0-88755-148-3
  • Nichols, John and Earl Nyholm. 1995. A concise dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe. St. Paul: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-2427-5
  • Ningewance, Patricia. 1993. Survival Ojibwe. Winnipeg: Mazinaate Press. ISBN 0-9697826-0-8
  • Ningewance, Patricia. 1999. Naasaab izhi-anishinaabebii'igeng: Conference report. A conference to find a common Anishinaabemowin writing system. Diarsipkan 2012-03-15 di Wayback Machine. Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario. ISBN 0-7778-8695-2
  • Ningewance, Patricia. 2004. Talking Gookom's language: Learning Ojibwe. Lac Seul, ON: Mazinaate Press. ISBN 0-969782-3-2
  • Piggott, Glyne L. 1980. Aspects of Odawa morphophonemics. New York: Garland. (Published version of PhD dissertation, University of Toronto, 1974) ISBN 0-8240-4557-2
  • Rhodes, Richard. 1976. "A preliminary report on the dialects of Eastern Ojibwa – Odawa." W. Cowan, ed., Papers of the seventh Algonquian conference, 129-156. Ottawa: Carleton University.
  • Rhodes, Richard. 1982. "Algonquian trade languages." William Cowan, ed., Papers of the thirteenth Algonquian conference, 1-10. Ottawa: Carleton University. ISBN 0-7709-0123-9
  • Rhodes, Richard A. 1985. Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-013749-6
  • Rhodes, Richard and Evelyn Todd. 1981. "Subarctic Algonquian languages." June Helm, ed., The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6. Subarctic, 52-66. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
  • Smith, Huron H. 1932. "Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians." Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525.
  • Todd, Evelyn. 1970. A grammar of the Ojibwa language: The Severn dialect. PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
  • U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census of Population and Housing. Characteristics of American Indians and Alaska Natives by Tribe and Language: 2000 Retrieved on March 31, 2009.
  • Valentine, J. Randolph. 1994. Ojibwe dialect relationships. PhD dissertation, University of Texas, Austin.
  • Valentine, J. Randolph. 1998. Weshki-bimaadzijig ji-noondmowaad. ‘That the young might hear’: The stories of Andrew Medler as recorded by Leonard Bloomfield. London, ON: The Centre for Teaching and Research of Canadian Native Languages, University of Western Ontario. ISBN 0-7714-2091-9
  • Valentine, J. Randolph. 2001. Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-4870-6
  • Vollom, Judith L. and Thomas M. Vollom. 1994. Ojibwemowin. Series 1. Second Edition. Ramsey, Minnesota: Ojibwe Language Publishing.
  • Walker, Willard. 1996. "Native writing systems." Ives Goddard, ed., The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 17. Languages, 158-184. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9

Pranala luar

Lihat entri Category:Ojibwe language di kamus bebas Wiktionary.
  • Noongwa e-Anishinaabemjig: People Who Speak Anishinaabemowin Today — hosted at the University of Michigan
  • Ojibwe Language Society
  • Ojibwe Language Group Diarsipkan 2013-05-11 di Wayback Machine.
  • Aboriginal Languages of Canada Diarsipkan 2007-04-04 di Wayback Machine. — With data on speaker populations
  • Language Geek Page on Ojibwe — Syllabary fonts and keyboard emulators are also available from this site.
  • Ojibwe Toponyms Diarsipkan 2008-09-07 di Wayback Machine.
  • Niizh Ikwewag Diarsipkan 2008-07-04 di Wayback Machine. — A short story in Ojibwe, originally told by Earl Nyholm, emeritus professor of Ojibwe at Bemidji State University.
  • Ethnologue report for Ojibwe
  • Native Languages: A Support Document for the Teaching of Language Patterns, Ojibwe and Cree
  • Native Languages page for Ojibwe
  • Letter Men: Brothers Fight for Ojibwe Language, a story broadcast on Fresh Air, a National Public Radio broadcast show, interviewing Anton and David Treuer.
  • Language and Meaning — An Ojibwe Story Diarsipkan 2009-10-09 di Wayback Machine., a story broadcast on Speaking of Faith, a National Public Radio broadcast show.
  • Bemaadizing: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Indigenous Life (An online journal)
  • Comprehensive list of learning resources for Ojibwe Diarsipkan 2012-09-23 di Wayback Machine. prepared for the SSILA by Dr. Rand Valentine
  • Gidakiiminaan (Our Earth) wall-map Diarsipkan 2013-11-21 di Wayback Machine. with Ojibwe Geographic Place Names in the 1837 Ceded Territories of Minnesota and Wisconsin, the 1842 Ceded Territories of Wisconsin and Michigan and the 1836 Ceded Territory of the Michigan Upper Peninsula, issued by the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission.
  • First Speakers: Restoring the Ojibwe Language Documentary produced by Twin Cities Public Television
Tata bahasa dan pelajaran
  • Comparative Ojibwe Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
  • Rand Valentine's introduction to Ojibwe Diarsipkan 2006-02-09 di Wayback Machine.
  • Grammar, lessons, and dictionaries Diarsipkan 2012-02-24 di Wayback Machine. — Ojibwe site by "Weshki-ayaad"
  • Gikendandaa Ojibwemowin Diarsipkan 2012-02-26 di Wayback Machine. — Ojibwe lesson site by James Starkey (Mindjime)
  • Native Languages: A Support Document for the Teaching of Language Patters — basic language patterns for Ojibwe (Manitoulin Ojibwe/Ottawa "CO" and Lac Seul Ojibwe "WO") and Cree (Swampy Cree "SC").
  • Baraga, Frederic (Bishop) (1878). A Theoretical and Practical Grammar of the Otchipwe Language for the Use of Missionaries and Other Persons Living Among the Indians.
  • Ojibwe numerals
  • "Ojibwe iPad app brings language to world" Diarsipkan 2012-04-19 di Wayback Machine. in Wawatay News Online.
Kamus dan daftar kata
  • Ojibwe People's Dictionary — Online Ojibwe-English dictionary with 8,000+ words, 60,000 audio clips by Ojibwe elders from Minnesota and Ontario, and related images/documents.
  • Aaniin Ekidong... (How Do You Say...): Ojibwe Vocabulary Project Diarsipkan 2009-09-22 di Wayback Machine. — Math and science terms for the Southwestern (Wisconsin, Leech Lake and Red Lake) and Minnesota Border Chippewa dialect of the Ojibwe language.
  • Our Languages: Nahkawē Diarsipkan 2015-08-01 di Wayback Machine. (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)
  • Anishinaabe-Ikidowinan (Ojibwe) Dictionary Diarsipkan 2014-04-16 di Wayback Machine. — Courtesy of the Kwayaciiwin Education Resource Centre. Covers Berens River and English River dialects of Northwestern Ojibwe
  • Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary — Freeware off-line dictionary for Windows-based systems (with instructions on how to load on a Macintosh), updated with additional entries every 6–10 weeks. On-line searches are also available.
  • Kees van Kolmeschate: My Ojibwe Documents — Assorted digital Ojibwe-related documents, including the electronic version of the 1878 Baraga Dictionary.
  • Baraga, Frederic (Bishop). Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language, Explained in English.
    • Part I: English-Otchipwe and Part II: Otchipwe-English in the 1853 edition at Wisconsin Historical Society
    • Part I: English-Otchipwe in the 1878 edition and Part II: Otchipwe-English in the 1880 edition courtesy of Google Books