Stenice
| Stenice | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Dve stenice gazivode se pare | |
 | |
| Vatreni opančar (Pyrrhocoris apterus) | |
Naučna klasifikacija  | |
| Domen: | Eukaryota |
| Carstvo: | Animalia |
| Tip: | Arthropoda |
| Klasa: | Insecta |
| Red: | Hemiptera |
| Podred: | Heteroptera Latreille, 1810 |
| Infraredovi | |
| |
Stenice ili raznokrilci (Heteroptera) podred su malih do velikih većinom sploštenih insekata reda riličara kojima su prednja krila gornjim delom hitinizovana, donjim opnasta i čine tzv. polupokrilje (otuda naziv polukrilci).
Izgled
Ispod prednjih krila su opnasta stražnja, u mirovanju presložena po dužini. Rilce je člankovito, kad se ne koristi podvinuto pod prsa. Usni je aparat prilagođen bodenju i sisanju. Mnoge stenice imaju karakteristične smrdljive žlezde koje se otvaraju između stražnjih nogu. Neke stenice imaju i organe za stridulaciju. Hrane se biljnim sokovima, love druge insekte, a parazitski oblici se hrane krvlju životinja i čoveka.
Larve
Larve su prilično slične odraslima, razvijaju se nepotpunom preobrazbom. Sišu biljne sokove ili su grabežljivci ili nametnici.
Taksonomija
Neke porodice i vrste
Poznato je oko 40 000 vrsta. U porodici vodenih štipavica (Nepidae) najpoznatija je vrsta vodena štipavica (Nepa rubra), u porodici Belostomidae najpoznatija je golema štipavica (Belostoma niloticum), duga 11 cm, zabeležen je u rečnim uščima u Jadranskom moru. Iz porodice vodenih stenica (Naucoridae), česta je obična vodena stenica (-{Ilyocoris cimicoides), u porodici nauznačarke (Notonectidae) najrasprostranjenija je modra nauznačarka (Notonecta glauca), koja pliva „leđno”. Od kopnenih porodica najpoznatije su smrdljive stenice (Pentatomidae) s vrstama smrdibuba ili smrdljivi listar (Pentatoma rufipes), porodica vatrene stenice (Pyrrhocoridae) nema krila, a česta vrsta je vatreni opančar (Pyrrhocoris apterus). Na površini voda stajaćica zadržavaju se barske skakalice (Hydrometridae), poput obične skakalice (Hydrometra stagnorum), koje se širokim dlakavim stopalima drže na površini vode. One love i isisavaju insekte.
Parazitske vrste (Cimicidae)
Od parazitskih je oblika najpoznatija obična stenica (Cimex lectularius) koja siše ljudsku krv u svim stadijima razvoja. Danju se zavlači u skrovita mesta a noću napada (krevetska stenica), bez hrane može da izdrži i pola godine, a na temperaturama nižim od 15 °C miruje. Ne uzrokuje i ne prenosi nikakvu bolest. Raširena je po čitavom svetu. U lastavičja gnezda zavlači se Cimex hirundinis, a šišmiše napada Cimex pipistreli.[1][2]
Porodice
- Acanthosomatidae Signoret, 1863
- Aepophilidae Lethierry and Severin, 1896
- Alydidae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Anthocoridae Fieber, 1837
- Aphelocheiridae Fieber, 1851
- Aradidae Spinola, 1837
- Artheneidae Stål, 1872
- Belostomatidae Leach, 1815
- Berytidae Fieber, 1851
- Blissidae Stål, 1862
- Ceratocombidae Fieber, 1861
- Cimicidae Latreille, 1802
- Colobathristidae
- Coreidae Leach, 1815
- Corixidae Leach, 1815
- Cryptorhamphidae
- Curaliidae Schuh, Weirauch and Henry in Schuh et al., 2008
- Cydnidae Billberg, 1820
- Cymidae Baerensprung, 1860
- Dinidoridae Stål, 1867
- Dipsocoridae Dohrn, 1859
- Ebboidae Perrichot et al., 2006
- Enicocephalidae Stål, 1860
- Gelastocoridae Kirkaldy, 1897
- Geocoridae Baerensprung, 1860
- Gerridae Leach, 1815
- Hebridae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Helotrephidae Esaki and China, 1927
- Henicocoridae Woodward, 1968
- Hermatobatidae Coutière and Martin, 1901
- Heterogastridae Stål, 1872
- Hispanocaderidae Golub and Popov, 2012
- Hydrometridae Billberg, 1820
- Hyocephalidae Stål, 1874
- Idiostolidae Scudder, 1962
- Ignotingidae Zhang et al., 2005
- Joppeicidae Reuter, 1910
- Largidae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Leptopodidae Brullé, 1836
- Lygaeidae Schilling, 1829
- Macroveliidae McKinstry, 1942
- Malcidae Stål, 1865
- Mesoveliidae Douglas and Scott, 1867
- Micronectidae Jaczewski, 1924
- Microphysidae Dohrn, 1859
- Miridae
- Nabidae Costa, 1853
- Naucoridae Leach, 1815
- Nepidae Latreille, 1802
- Ninidae Barber, 1956
- Notonectidae Latreille, 1802
- Ochteridae Kirkaldy, 1906
- Omaniidae Cobben, 1970
- Oxycarenidae Stål, 1862
- Pachygronthidae Stål, 1865
- Palaeoleptidae Poinar and Buckley, 2009
- Paraphrynoveliidae Andersen, 1978
- Pentatomidae Leach, 1815
- Piesmatidae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Plataspidae
- Pleidae Fieber, 1851
- Polyctenidae Westwood, 1874
- Potamocoridae Usinger, 1941
- Pyrrhocoridae Fieber, 1860
- Reduviidae Latreille, 1807
- Rhopalidae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Rhyparochromidae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Saldidae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Schizopteridae Reuter, 1891
- Scutelleridae Leach, 1815
- Stenocephalidae Dallas, 1852
- Termitaphididae
- Tessaratomidae Stål, 1864
- Thaumastocoridae Kirkaldy, 1908
- Thyreocoridae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Tingidae
- Veliidae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Velocipedidae Bergroth, 1891
Potporodice
- Acanthosomatinae Signoret, 1863
- Aenictopechinae Usinger, 1932
- Alienatinae Barber, 1953
- Alydinae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Amnestinae Hart, 1919
- Aneurinae Douglas and Scott, 1865
- Anisopinae Hutchinson, 1929
- Anthocorinae Fieber, 1837
- Aradinae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Arhaphinae Bliven, 1973
- Artheneinae Stål, 1872
- Asopinae Spinola, 1850
- Bactrodinae Stål, 1866
- Belostomatinae Leach, 1815
- Berytinae Fieber, 1851
- Bledionotinae
- Blissinae Stål, 1862
- Bryocorinae Baerensprung, 1860
- Calisiinae Stål, 1873
- Cantacaderinae Stål, 1873
- Carventinae Usinger, 1950
- Centrocnemidinae Miller, 1956
- Ceratocombinae Fieber, 1861
- Cetherinae Jeannel, 1919
- Charmatometrinae Andersen, 1975
- Chauliopinae Breddin, 1907
- Cheirochelinae Montandon, 1897
- Chiloxanthinae Cobben, 1959
- Chryxinae Champion, 1898
- Cimicinae Latreille, 1802
- Coreinae Leach, 1815
- Corixinae Leach, 1815
- Cryphocricinae Montandon, 1897
- Cydninae Billberg, 1820
- Cylapinae Kirkaldy, 1903
- Cylindrostethinae Andersen, 1975
- Cymatiinae Hungerford, 1948
- Cyminae Baerensprung, 1860
- Deraeocorinae Douglas and Scott, 1865
- Diaprepocorinae Lundblad, 1928
- Dinidorinae Stål, 1867
- Dipsocorinae Dohrn, 1859
- Discocephalinae Stål, 1867
- Ectrichodiinae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Edessinae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Elasmodeminae Lethierry and Severin, 1896
- Electrobatinae Andersen and Poinar, 1992
- Emesinae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Enicocephalinae Stål, 1860
- Eotrechinae Matsuda, 1960
- Epiroderinae Distant, 1904
- Eurygastrinae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Fischerotrephinae Zettel, 1994
- Gampsocorinae Southwood and Leston, 1959
- Gelastocorinae Kirkaldy, 1897
- Geocorinae Baerensprung, 1860
- Gerrinae Leach, 1815
- Haematosiphoninae Jordan and Rothschild, 1912
- Halobatinae Bianchi, 1896
- Haloveliinae Esaki, 1930
- Hammacerinae Stål, 1859
- Harpactorinae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Hebrinae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Helotrephinae Esaki and China, 1927
- Henestarinae
- Heterocleptinae Villiers, 1948
- Heterocorixinae Hungerford, 1948
- Heterogastrinae Stål, 1872
- Holoptilinae Lepeletier and Serville, 1825
- Horvathiniinae Lauck and Menke, 1961
- Hydarinae Stål, 1873
- Hydrometrinae Billberg, 1820
- Hypselosomatinae Esaki and Miyamoto, 1959
- Hyrcaninae Andersen, 1981
- Idiocorinae Esaki and China, 1927
- Ischnorhynchinae Stål, 1872
- Isometopinae Fieber, 1860
- Laccocorinae Stål, 1876
- Larginae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Lasiochilinae Carayon, 1972
- Leptocorinae Stål, 1872
- Leptopodinae Brullé, 1836
- Leptosaldinae Cobben, 1971
- Lethocerinae Lauck and Menke, 1961
- Limnobatodinae Esaki, 1927
- Limnocorinae Stål, 1876
- Lyctocorinae Reuter, 1884
- Lygaeinae Schilling, 1829
- Madeoveliinae Poisson, 1959
- Malcinae Stål, 1865
- Manangocorinae Miller, 1954
- Megymeninae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Meropachyinae Stål, 1867
- Mesoveliinae Douglas and Scott, 1867
- Metacanthinae Douglas and Scott, 1865
- Mezirinae Oshanin, 1908
- Microelytrinae Stål, 1867
- Micronectinae Jaczewski, 1924
- Microveliinae China and Usinger, 1949
- Mirinae Hahn, 1833
- Nabinae Costa, 1853
- Naucorinae Leach, 1815
- Neotrephinae China, 1940
- Nepinae Latreille, 1802
- Nerthrinae Kirkaldy, 1906
- Notonectinae Latreille, 1802
- Ocelloveliinae Drake and Chapman, 1963
- Oncomerinae Stål, 1870
- Ontiscinae Hamid, 1975
- Orsillinae Stål, 1872
- Orthotylinae Van Duzee, 1916
- Pachycorinae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Pachygronthinae Stål, 1865
- Peiratinae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Pentatominae Leach, 1815
- Perittopinae China and Usinger, 1949
- Phimophorinae Handlirsch, 1897
- Phylinae Douglas and Scott, 1865
- Phymatinae Laporte, 1832
- Piesmatinae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Plinthisinae
- Podopinae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Primicimicinae Ferris and Usinger, 1955
- Prostemmatinae Reuter, 1890
- Psamminae
- Pseudocetherinae Villiers, 1963
- Pseudophloeinae Stål, 1868
- Ptilomerinae Bianchi, 1896
- Pyrrhocorinae Fieber, 1860
- Ranatrinae Douglas and Scott, 1865
- Reduviinae Latreille, 1807
- Rhagodotarsinae Lundblad, 1933
- Rhagoveliinae China and Usinger, 1949
- Rhopalinae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Rhyparochrominae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Saicinae Stål, 1859
- Saldinae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Saldoninae Popov, 1973
- Salyavatinae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Scaptocorinae Froeschner, 1960
- Schizopterinae Reuter, 1891
- Scutellerinae Leach, 1815
- Sehirinae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Serinethinae Stål, 1873
- Sphaeridopinae Pinto, 1927
- Sphaerodemopsinae Popov, 1971
- Stenocorixinae Hungerford, 1948
- Stenopodainae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Synaptogobiinae Nieser and P. Chen, 2006
- Thaicorinae Kormilev, 1969
- Thaumastocorinae Kirkaldy, 1908
- Tinginae
- Tingiometrinae Heiss, Golub and Popov, 2015
- Trephotomasinae Papácek, Stys and Tonner, 1988
- Trepobatinae Matsuda, 1960
- Triatominae Jeannel, 1919
- Veliinae Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Vesciinae Fracker and Bruner, 1924
- Vianaidinae Kormilev, 1955
- Visayanocorinae Miller, 1952
- Xylastodoridinae Barber, 1920
Plemena
- Abelocephalini Forthman and Weirauch, 2017
- Acanthocephalini Stål, 1870
- Acanthocerini Bergroth, 1913
- Acanthocorini Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Agraptocorixini Hungerford, 1948
- Agriopocorini Miller, 1954
- Aidiini Popov, 1971
- Alberproseniini Martínez and Carcavallo, 1977
- Amberianini J. Lis and Kocorek in J. Lis et al., 2015
- Ambrysini Usinger, 1951
- Amorbini Stål, 1873
- Angaronectini Popov, 1971
- Anhomoeini Hsiao, 1964
- Anisoscelini Laporte, 1832
- Anthocorini Fieber, 1837
- Antillocorini Ashlock, 1964
- Aphelonectini Lansbury, 1965
- Apiomerini Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Aradellini Wygodzinsky and Usinger, 1963
- Austronepini Menke and Stange, 1964
- Barreratalpini Brailovsky, 1988
- Berytini Fieber, 1851
- Berytinini Henry, 1997
- Bolboderini Usinger, 1944
- Bryocorini Baerensprung, 1860
- Byrsodepsini Kocorek and J. Lis, 2000
- Cantacaderini Stål, 1873
- Cappaeini Atkinson, 1888
- Carcinocorini Handlirsch, 1897
- Carldrakeanini B. Lis, 1999
- Cataractocorini Popov, 1970
- Cavernicolini Usinger, 1944
- Centrocnemidini Miller, 1956
- Ceratocaderini B. Lis, 1999
- Ceratocapsini Van Duzee, 1916
- Ceratocombini Fieber, 1861
- Chariesterini Stål, 1868
- Cheirochelini Montandon, 1897
- Chelinideini Blatchley, 1926
- Chorosomatini Fieber, 1860
- Clavigrallini Stål, 1873
- Cleradini
- Clivinematini Reuter, 1876
- Cloresmini Stål, 1873
- Collartidini Wygodzinsky, 1966
- Colpurini Breddin, 1900
- Coreini Leach, 1815
- Corixini Leach, 1815
- Cryphocricini Montandon, 1897
- Curictini Menke and Stange, 1964
- Cylapini Kirkaldy, 1903
- Cyllarini Stål, 1873
- Daladerini Stål, 1873
- Dasycnemini Wygodzinsky and Usinger, 1963
- Dasynini Bergroth, 1913
- Deliastini Villiers, 1949
- Deraeocorini Douglas and Scott, 1865
- Diaspidiini Miller, 1959
- Dicrotelini Stål, 1859
- Dicyphini Reuter, 1883
- Dinidorini Stål, 1867
- Diphlebini Bergroth, 1924
- Discocephalini Stål, 1867
- Discogastrini Stål, 1868
- Drymini Stål, 1872
- Dufouriellini Van Duzee, 1916
- Eccritotarsini Berg, 1884
- Ectinoderini Stål, 1859
- Ectrichodiini Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Emesini Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Eumenotini Bergroth, 1907
- Fulviini Uhler, 1886
- Gampsocorini Southwood and Leston, 1959
- Gerrini Leach, 1815
- Glaenocorisini Hungerford, 1948
- Golmoniini Popov, 1989
- Gonianotini Stål, 1872
- Gonocerini
- Goondnomdanepini Lansbury, 1974
- Graptocorixini Hungerford, 1948
- Hallodapini Van Duzee, 1916
- Halobatini Bianchi, 1896
- Halticini Costa, 1853
- Halyini Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Harmostini Stål, 1873
- Harpactorini Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Helotrephini Esaki and China, 1927
- Herdoniini Distant, 1904
- Holoptilini Lepeletier and Serville, 1825
- Homoeocerini Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Hoplinini Henry, 1997
- Hyaliodini Carvalho and Drake, 1943
- Hyalopeplini Carvalho, 1952
- Hypselonotini Bergroth, 1913
- Isometopini Fieber, 1860
- Laccocorini Stål, 1876
- Lasiochilini Carayon, 1972
- Latimbini Stål, 1873
- Leistarchini Stål, 1862
- Leotichiini Schuh, 1986
- Leptopodini Brullé, 1836
- Lethaeini Stål, 1872
- Leucophoropterini Schuh, 1974
- Liadonaucorini Popov, 1971
- Limnocorini Stål, 1876
- Limnotrephini J. Polhemus, 1990
- Lyctocorini Reuter, 1884
- Macrocephalini Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Manocoreini Hsiao, 1964
- Mecideini Distant, 1852
- Mecocnemini Hsiao, 1964
- Megalonotini Slater, 1957
- Megymenini Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Mendanocorini Miller, 1956
- Merocorini Stål, 1870
- Meropachyini Stål, 1867
- Metacanthini Douglas and Scott, 1865
- Metapterini Stål, 1874
- Metrargini Kirkaldy, 1902
- Metrobatini J. Polhemus and D. Polhemus, 1993
- Metrocorini Matsuda, 1960
- Mictini Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Mirini Hahn, 1833
- Myodochini Boitard, 1827
- Naboandelini J. Polhemus and D. Polhemus, 1993
- Naucorini Leach, 1815
- Nematopodini Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Nepini Latreille, 1802
- Niesthreini Chopra, 1967
- Notonectini Latreille, 1802
- Nychiini Hungerford, 1933
- Nysiini Uhler, 1852
- Oriini Carayon, 1955
- Orsillini Stål, 1872
- Orthotylini Van Duzee, 1916
- Ozophorini Sweet, 1964
- Pachygronthini Stål, 1865
- Pelocorini
- Pentatomini Leach, 1815
- Petascelini Stål, 1873
- Phatnomatini Drake and Davis, 1960
- Phimophorini Handlirsch, 1897
- Phylini Douglas and Scott, 1865
- Phyllomorphini Mulsant and Rey, 1870
- Phymatini Laporte, 1832
- Pilophorini Douglas and Scott, 1876
- Pithanini Douglas and Scott, 1865
- Placoscelini Stål, 1868
- Ploiariolini Van Duzee, 1916
- Prionotylini Puton, 1872
- Procamptini Ahmad, 1964
- Pseudophloeini Stål, 1868
- Ranatrini Douglas and Scott, 1865
- Redubitini P. Putshkov and Popov, 1993
- Restheniini Reuter, 1905
- Rhaphidosomini Distant, 1904
- Rhodniini Pinto, 1926
- Rhopalini Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Rhyparochromini Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Sagocorini La Rivers, 1971
- Saldini Cobben, 1959
- Saldoidini Reuter, 1912
- Saldunculini J. Polhemus, 1985
- Sciocorini Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Scolopini Carayon, 1954
- Sinotagini Hsiao, 1963
- Spartocerini Amyot and Serville, 1843
- Spathophorini Kormilev, 1954
- Stenobatini J. Polhemus and D. Polhemus, 1993
- Stenodemini China, 1943
- Stygnocorini Gulde, 1936
- Tachygerrini Andersen, 1975
- Tanycricini La Rivers, 1971
- Tegeini Villiers, 1948
- Teracriini Stål, 1872
- Termatophylini Reuter, 1884
- Thalmini Nuamah, 1982
- Themonocorini Carayon, Usinger and Wygodzinsky, 1958
- Tingini
- Trepobatini Matsuda, 1960
- Triatomini Jeannel, 1919
- Tribelocephalini Stål, 1862
- Tribelocodiini Forthman and Weirauch, 2017
- Udeocorini Sweet, 1967
- Xenocaucini Maldonado, 1996
- Xylocorini Carayon, 1972
Reference
Literatura
- China, W.E.; Miller, N.C.E. (1959). Check-list and keys to the families and subfamilies of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology. 8. London: British Museum. стр. 1—45.
Spoljašnje veze
Vikivrste imaju više informacija o članku Stenice.
Stenice на Викимедијиној остави.
- Heteropteran Systematics Lab at University of California, Riverside
- Identification guide to UK Hemiptera
- Bugs – Hemiptera
Normativna kontrola: Državne  |
|
|---|
